1-1 | 實 用 視 聽 華 語 / 第 一 冊 書 | 第一課:生詞 | ||||
您 | Nín you (formal) | 是 | shì to be | 你 | nǐ you | |
貴姓 | guì xìng what is your name | 美國人 | měi guó rén american | 什麼 | shén ·me what | |
姓 | xìng surname | 美國 | měi guó usa | 名字 | míng zì name, given name | |
李 | lǐ lee (chinese name) | 美 | měi to be beautiful | 哪/哪 | nǎ / něi which | |
先生 | xiān shēng sir, husband | 國 | guó country, nation | 呢 | ·ne (question particle) | |
王 | wáng wang (name) | 人 | rén person | 中國 | zhōng guó china, chinese | |
我 | wǒ I, me | 嗎 | ·ma (question particle) | 他 | tā he, him | |
叫 | jiào to call, be called | 不/不 | bù / bú not | 她 | tā she, her | |
好 | hǎo to be good, well | 英國 | yīng guó england, english | 誰 | shéi who, whom | |
第一課:文法 | ||||||
N/P (Neg) V N | N/P (Neg)V N (simple sentence pattern) | |||||
Statement 嗎? | Statement ·ma ? (simple question pattern) | |||||
N/QW (Neg)V N/QW | N/QW (Neg)V N/QW (simple question pattern) | |||||
Statement, N/PN 呢? | Statement ·ne ? (simple question pattern) | |||||
© 2009 mose – copyleft (cc) BY-NC-SA | 98年4月28日 | |||||
1-2 | 實 用 視 聽 華 語 / 第 一 冊 書 | 第二課:生詞 | ||||
早 | zǎo to be early | 謝謝 | xiè ·xie to thank, thank you | 們 | ·men (generic plural) | |
趙 | zhào (chinese name) | 也 | yě also | 我們 | wǒ ·men we, us | |
小姐 | xiǎo jiě miss | 這/這 | zhè / zhèi this | 他們 | tā ·men they, them | |
張 | zhāng (chinese name) | 太太 | tài ·tai mistress, wife | 忙 | máng to be busy | |
好 | hǎo very, quite | 天氣 | tiān qì weather | 太 | tài too | |
久 | jiǔ to be a long time | 熱 | rè to be hot | 再見 | zài jiàn good bye, see you | |
見 | jiàn to see, to meet | 去 | qù to go | 冷 | lěng to be cold | |
啊 | ·a (generic particle) | 上課 | shàng kè to go to class | |||
很 | hěn very | 你們 | nǐ ·men you (plural) | |||
第二課:文法 | ||||||
好久不見 | hǎo jiǔ bú jiàn long time no see | |||||
N/PN (Neg)(A) SV[, N 也 (Neg)(A) SV] | N/PN (Neg)(A) SV[, N yě (Neg)(A) SV] (simple stative verb sentence) | |||||
N/NP SV Neg SV ? | N/NP SV Neg SV ? (simple stative verb question) | |||||
© 2009 mose – copyleft (cc) BY-NC-SA | 98年4月28日 | |||||
1-3 | 實 用 視 聽 華 語 / 第 一 冊 書 | 第三課:生詞 | ||||
喜歡 | xǐ huān to like | 買 | mǎi to buy | 法 | fà abbr. france | |
看 | kàn to look at, to read | 好看 | hǎo kàn to be good-looking | 文 | wén written language | |
電影 | diàn yǐng movie | 可是 | kě shì but, however | 英文 | yīng wén english language | |
電視 | diàn shì television | 貴 | guì to be expensive | 中文 | zhōng wén chinese language | |
都 | dōu all, both | 書 | shū book | 德文 | dé wén german language | |
有 | yǒu to have, there is | 日本 | rì běn japan, japanese | 日文 | rì wén japanese language | |
沒 | méi not (have) | 筆 | bǐ pen | 東西 | dōng xī thing | |
要 | yào to want | 德國 | dé guó germany, german | 懂 | dǒng to understand | |
汽車 | qì chē automobile, car | 報 | bào newspaper | |||
車 | chē vehicle, car | 法文 | fà wén french language | |||
第三課:文法 | ||||||
S (Neg) V O | S (Neg) V O (simple verb-object pattern) | |||||
S (Neg) 有 O | S (Neg) yǒu O (simple verb-object pattern) | |||||
S V Neg V O | S V Neg V O (verb not verb question) | |||||
S V O Neg V | S V O Neg v (verb not verb question) | |||||
S (Neg) AV V O | S (Neg) AV V O (simple auxiliary verb pattern) | |||||
O , S (A) (Neg) V | O , S (A) (Neg) V (transposed object pattern) | |||||
© 2009 mose – copyleft (cc) BY-NC-SA | 98年4月28日 | |||||
1-4 | 實 用 視 聽 華 語 / 第 一 冊 書 | 第四課:生詞 | ||||
枝 | zhī mw. stick-like thing | 零 | líng zero | 一 | yī one | |
多少 | duō shǎo how much/many | 給 | gěi to give | 二 | èr two | |
多 | duō many, more | 請 | qǐng to please, to invite | 三 | sān three | |
少 | shǎo few, less | 找錢 | zhǎo qián to give change | 四 | sì four | |
錢 | qián money | 找 | zhǎo to return change | 五 | wǔ five | |
種 | zhǒng kind, type | 個 | ·ge generalpurpose mw | 六 | liù six | |
毛 | máo dime, ten cents | 杯 | bēi cup of | 七 | qī seven | |
分 | fēn cent | 一共 | yí gòng altogether | 八 | bā eight | |
幾 | jǐ few, how many | 半 | bàn half | 九 | jiǔ nine | |
兩 | liǎng two | 位 | wèi mw. people (polite) | 十 | shí ten | |
塊 | kuài piece, mw. dollar | 本 | běn mw. book, notebook | |||
零錢 | líng qián change, coins | 那/那 | nà / nèi that | |||
第四課:文法 | ||||||
NU M N | NU M N (quantified nouns) | |||||
DEM (NU) M N | DEM (NU) M N (specified and numbered nouns) | |||||
N, NU M (N) NU M 錢 | N, NU M (N) NU M qián (price per unit pattern) | |||||
N, NU M 錢 NU M | N, NU M qián NU M (price per unit pattern) | |||||
S V IndirectO DirectO | S V IO DO (direct object / indirect object pattern) | |||||
© 2009 mose – copyleft (cc) BY-NC-SA | 98年4月28日 | |||||
1-5 | 實 用 視 聽 華 語 / 第 一 冊 書 | 第五課:生詞 | ||||
家 | jiā home, family | 女 | nǚ female | 兒 | ér son | |
爸爸 | bà ·ba father | 女人 | nǚ rén woman | 兒子 | ér ·zi son | |
媽媽 | mā ·ma mother | 女朋友 | nǚ péng yǒu girlfriend | 男朋友 | nán péng yǒu boyfriend | |
的 | ·de (poss. or modifying) | 孩子 | hái ·zi child | 男 | nán male | |
像片兒 | xiàng piān -r photograph | 子 | ·zi (noun suffix) | 男人 | nán rén man | |
兒 | -r (suffix) | 姐姐 | jiě ·jie older sister | 男孩子 | nán hái ·zi boy | |
老師 | lǎo shī teacher | 朋友 | péng yǒu friend | 狗 | gǒu dog | |
對 | duì to be correct | 這些 | zhèi xiē these | 學生 | xué shēng student | |
張 | zhāng mw. flat things | 一些 | yì xiē some, a few | 學 | xué to study | |
哥哥 | gē ·ge older brother | 那些 | nèi xiē those | 妹妹 | mèi ·mei younger sister | |
還是 | hái shì or | 伯伯 | bó ·bo uncle (father side) | 杯子 | bēi ·zi cup, glass | |
弟弟 | dì ·di younger brother | 貓 | māo cat | 隻 | zhī mw. cats, dogs, .. | |
女孩子 | nǚ hái ·zi girl | 女兒 | nǚ ér daughter | |||
第五課:文法 | ||||||
N/PN (的) DEM NU M N | N/PN (·de) DEM NU M N (modified nouns pattern) | |||||
N/PN (N) 的 N | N/PN N ·de N (possessive pattern) | |||||
N 的 | N ·de (short possessive pattern) | |||||
© 2009 mose – copyleft (cc) BY-NC-SA | 98年4月28日 | |||||
1-6 | 實 用 視 聽 華 語 / 第 一 冊 書 | 第六課:生詞 | ||||
想 | xiǎng to want to, to think | 了 | ·le (completion) | 萬 | wàn ten thousand | |
新 | xīn to be new, newly | 貨 | huò good, product | 知道 | zhī dào to know | |
照像機 | zhào xiàng jī camera | 覺得 | jué ·de to feel, consider | 千 | qiān thousand | |
照 | zhào to photograph | 大 | dà to be big, large | 真 | zhēn really | |
像機 | xìng jī camera | 小 | xiǎo to be small | 學校 | xué xiào school | |
機 | jī machine | 百 | bǎi hundred | 有名 | yǒu míng to be famous | |
電視機 | diàn shì jī tv set | 便宜 | pián yí to be cheap | 億 | yì hundred million | |
請問 | qìng wèn may i ask ? | 只 | zhǐ only | 錶 | biǎo watch | |
問 | wèn to ask | 賣 | mài to sell | 夠 | gòu to be enough | |
舊 | jiù to be old, used | 大學 | dà xué university | |||
第六課:文法 | ||||||
NU (多 M / M 多) N | NU (duō M / M duō) N (indefinite number pattern) | |||||
SV N | SV N (modified stative verb pattern) | |||||
(A) SV 的 N | (A) SV ·de N (modified stative verb pattern with adverb) | |||||
SV 的 | SV ·de (modified stative verb pattern with implicit noun) | |||||
© 2009 mose – copyleft (cc) BY-NC-SA | 98年4月28日 | |||||
1-7 | 實 用 視 聽 華 語 / 第 一 冊 書 | 第七課:生詞 | ||||
念 | niàn to read aloud, study | 可以 | kě yǐ can, be permitted | 喝 | hē to drink | |
念書 | niàn shū to study book | 教 | jiāo to teach | 酒 | jiǔ wine, liquor | |
得 | ·de (degree particle) | 教書 | jiāo shū to teach | 寫字 | xiě zì to write characters | |
好聽 | hǎo tīng pleasant to hear | 現在 | xiàn zài now, right now | 寫 | xiě to write | |
聽 | tīng to hear | 還 | hái still, yet | 字 | zì character | |
在 | zài (action in progress) | 說 | shuō to speak, to say | 做事 | zuò shì to do things, work | |
呢 | ·ne (sustaining particle) | 說話 | shuō huà to talk | 做 | zuò to do, make | |
慢 | màn to be slow, slowly | 能 | néng be physicaly able to | 事 | shì affair, work | |
有意思 | yǒu yì sī to be interesting | 會 | huì can, know how to | 做飯 | zuò fàn to cook food | |
意思 | yì sī meaning, idea | 唱 | chàng to sing | 畫畫兒 | huà huà -r to paint, draw | |
有一點 | yǒu yì diǎn to be slightly | 歌兒 | gē -r song | 畫 | huà to paint, draw | |
一點兒 | yì diǎn -r a little | 吃 | chī to eat | 畫兒 | huà -r painting, picture | |
難 | nán to be difficult | 飯 | fàn food, meal | 快 | kuài to be fast, quickly | |
話 | huà word | 菜 | cài food, cuisine | 首 | shǒu mw. songs | |
第七課:文法 | ||||||
V (Mod) O | V (Mod) O (verb-object pattern) | |||||
S 在 V O (呢) ? | S zài V O ·ne ? (progressive verb-object) | |||||
S V (O, V) 得 (A) SV | S V ·de (A) SV (predicative complement pattern) | |||||
S (的 O), (O) V 得 (A) SV | S (·de O), (O) V ·de (A) SV (predicative complement pattern with subject topic) | |||||
© 2009 mose – copyleft (cc) BY-NC-SA | 98年4月28日 | |||||
1-8 | 實 用 視 聽 華 語 / 第 一 冊 書 | 第八課:生詞 | ||||
常常 | cháng (cháng) often, usualy | 一定 | yí dìng certainly, indeed | 親 | qīn relative | |
最 | zuì the most, -est | 不一定 | bù yí dìng not for sure | 父母 | fù mǔ parents | |
愛 | ài to love | 就 | jiù just, exactly, only | 父 | fù father | |
跳舞 | tiào wǔ to dance | 畫家 | huà jiā painter (artist) | 父親 | fù qīn father | |
不錯 | bú cuò to be not bad | 噢 | òu oh! | 生意 | shēng yì business, trade | |
錯 | cuò be wrong, mistake | 書法 | shū fǎ calligraphy | 有錢 | yǒu qián to have money | |
穿 | chuān to wear, put on | 對了 | duì ·le right, correct | 件 | jiàn mw. clothes, affairs | |
衣服 | yī fú clothes, clothing | 為什麼 | wèi shén ·me why | 茶 | chá tea | |
聽說 | tīng shuō hear said, hear | 因為 | yìn wèi because | 水 | shuǐ water | |
外國 | wài guó foreign | 所以 | suǒ yǐ therefore, so | 容易 | róng yì to be easy | |
外 | wài outside, exterior | 母親 | mǔ qīn mother | |||
外文 | wài wén foreign language | 母 | mǔ mother, female | |||
第八課:文法 | ||||||
S V 的 (Dem (NU) M) N | S V ·de (Dem (NU) M) N (modified noun pattern) | |||||
(AV) V O 的 (Dem (NU) M) N | (AV) V O ·de (Dem (NU) M) N (modified noun pattern) | |||||
VO 的 | VO ·de (clausal expressions becoming profession) | |||||
因為 ... 所以 ... | yīn wèi ... , suǒ yǐ ... because ... , then ... | |||||
© 2009 mose – copyleft (cc) BY-NC-SA | 98年4月28日 | |||||
1-9 | 實 用 視 聽 華 語 / 第 一 冊 書 | 第九課:生詞 | ||||
在 | zài to be at, in, .. | 那裡 | nà li there | 離 | lí to be away from | |
哪裡 | nǎ lǐ where | 那兒 | nà -r there | 遠 | yuǎn to be far from | |
哪兒 | nǎ -r where | 那麼 | nà ·me well, in that case | 地方 | dì fāng place | |
路 | lù road | 方便 | fāng biàn to be convenient | 地 | dì earth, land | |
條 | tiáo mw. road, river | 所 | suǒ mw. buildings | 書房 | shū fáng study (room) | |
圖書館 | tú shū guǎn library | 房子 | fáng ·zi house | 樓下 | lóu xià downstairs | |
後面 | hòu miàn behind, back | 客廳 | kè tīng living room | 下 | xià down, under, next | |
後 | hòu after, behind | 飯廳 | fàn tīng dining room | 下面 | xià miàn under, below | |
面 | miàn face, side | 那邊 | nèi biān there, over there | 桌子 | zhuō ·zi table | |
大樓 | dà lóu big building | 邊 | biān side | 桌 | zhuō table | |
樓 | lóu floor, story | 這邊 | zhèi biān here, over here | 書桌 | shū zhuō desk | |
座 | zuò mw. mountains | 旁邊 | páng biān beside | 椅子 | yǐ ·zi chair | |
裡 | lǐ in | 間 | jiān mw. rooms | 底下 | dǐ xià underneath, below | |
裡面 | lǐ miàn inside | 房間 | fáng jiān room | 前面 | qián miàn front, ahead | |
附近 | fù jìn nearby | 屋子 | wū ·zi room | 前 | qián front, before | |
近 | jìn to be near | 樓上 | lóu shàng upstairs | 這裡 | zhè lǐ here | |
書店 | shū diàn bookstore | 上 | shàng up, on, previous | 這兒 | zhè -r here | |
外面 | wài miàn outside | 上面 | shàng miàn above, up there | 飯館兒 | fàn guǎn -r restaurant | |
家 | jiā mw. stores | 小學 | xiǎo xué elementary school | 商店 | shāng diàn store, shop | |
第九課:文法 | ||||||
S 在 PW | S zài PW S is located at PW | |||||
PW 有 N | PW yǒu N in PW there is N | |||||
S 在 PW V O | S zài PW V O S at PW V O | |||||
(在) PW 的 N | (zài) PW ·de N (nouns modified by place) | |||||
N 離 N (A) 遠/近 | N lǐ N (A) yuǎn / jìn (distance pattern) | |||||
© 2009 mose – copyleft (cc) BY-NC-SA | 98年4月28日 | |||||
1-10 | 實 用 視 聽 華 語 / 第 一 冊 書 | 第十課:生詞 | ||||
到 | dào to arrive, reach | 天 | tiān day, sky, heaven | 中飯 | zhōng fàn lunch | |
了 | ·le (completion) | 晚上 | wǎn shàng evening | 午 | wǔ noon, midday | |
玩兒 | wán -r to play, enjoy | 晚 | wǎn to be late | 上午 | shàng wǔ before noon | |
跟 | gēn with, and | 晚飯 | wǎn fàn dinner, supper | 中午 | zhōng wǔ noon | |
一塊兒 | yí kuài -r together, with | 累 | lèi to be tired | 下午 | xià wǔ afternoon | |
怎麼 | zěn ·me how | 走路 | zǒu lù to walk | 火車 | huǒ chē train | |
坐 | zuò to sit | 走 | zǒu to walk | 火 | huǒ fire | |
飛機 | fēi jī airplane | 開車 | kāi chē to drive a car | 公車 | gōng chē city bus | |
船 | chuán ship, boat | 開 | kāi to drive, open | 明天 | míng tiān tomorrow | |
票 | piào ticket | 停車 | tíng chē to park a car | 已經 | yǐ jīng already | |
怎麼樣 | zěn ·me yàng how about .. | 停 | tíng to stop | 看見 | kàn jiàn to see, meet | |
時候 | shí hòu time | 找 | zhǎo to look for, search | 今天 | jīn tiān today | |
回來 | huí lái to come back | 還好 | hái hǎo nothing special | 架 | jià mw. planes | |
回 | huí to return | 早上 | zǎo shàng morning | 艘 | sāo mw. boats | |
回去 | huí qù to go back | 早飯 | zǎo fàn breakfast | 張 | zhāng mw. flat things | |
來 | lái to come | 從 | cóng from | 列 | liè mw. trains | |
昨天 | zuó tiān yesterday | 午飯 | wǔ fàn lunch | 輛 | liàng mw. cars | |
第十課:文法 | ||||||
什麼時候 | shén ·me shí hòu at what moment, when ? | |||||
公共汽車 | gōng gòng qì chē city public bus | |||||
S (Neg) (Mean) 從/到 PW 來/去 | S (Neg) (Mean) cóng / dào PW lái / qù (coming / going from or to, by what way of) | |||||
S (Neg) (Purpose) 來/去 (Purpose) | S (Neg) (Purpose) lái / qù ( Purpose) (purpose of coming / going) | |||||
S (A) V (O) 了 | S (A) V (O) ·le (action completed) | |||||
S (A) 沒 (有) V O | S (A) méi (you) V O (negation of completed action) | |||||
S 還沒 V O 呢 | S hái méi V O ·ne (Negated and suspended action) | |||||
S V O 了嗎? | S V O ·le ·ma ? (question about completed action) | |||||
S 沒 V O 嗎? | S méi V O ·ma ? (question about completed action) | |||||
S V O 了沒有? | S V O ·le méi yǒu ? (question about completed action) | |||||
S V O 了沒 V ? | S V O ·le méi V ? (question about completed action) | |||||
S/O (Neg) 是 ... V(O) 的 (O) | S/O (Neg) shì ... V(O) ·de (O) (stressing circumstances pattern) | |||||
© 2009 mose – copyleft (cc) BY-NC-SA | 98年4月28日 | |||||
1-11 | 實 用 視 聽 華 語 / 第 一 冊 書 | 第十一課:生詞 | ||||
點(鐘) | diǎn zhōng o'clock | 等 | děng to wait | 上班 | shàng bān to go to work | |
點 | diǎn o'clock; point, spot | 吧 | ·ba (question particle) | 休息 | xiū xí to rest | |
鐘 | zhōng clock | 過 | guò to pass | 一會兒 | yì huǐ -r a short while | |
下課 | xià kè to get out of class | 上 | shàng to get on, to board | 一下 | yí xià a moment | |
下 | xià to get off | 起床 | qǐ chuáng to get up from bed | 別的 | bié ·de other | |
課 | kè class, mw. lessons | 床 | chuáng bed | 別人 | bié rén other people | |
鐘頭 | zhōng tóu hour | 差 | chā to lack, be short of | 別 | bié don't | |
小時 | xiǎo shí hour | 差不多 | chā bù duō about, almost | 睡覺 | shuì jiào to sleep | |
一起 | yì qǐ together | 火車站 | huǒ chē zhàn train station | 睡 | shuì to sleep | |
刻 | kè a quarter of hour | 站 | zhàn to stand, station | 覺 | jiào sleep | |
馬上 | mǎ shàng immediately | 公車站 | gōng chē zhàn bus stop | 夜裡 | yè lǐ night | |
就 | jiù then, right away | 沒問題 | méi wèn tí no problem | 夜 | yè night | |
分(鐘) | fēn (zhōng) minute | 問題 | wèn tí problem | 對不起 | duì bù qǐ i'm sorry | |
門口 | mén kǒu entrance | 每 | měi every | |||
門 | mén door | 公司 | gōng si company | |||
第十一課:文法 | ||||||
(S) Time-when (S) V O | (S) Time-when (S) V O (Time when before verb) | |||||
S (A)V Time-spent ( (的) O) | S (A)V Time-spent ((de) O) (Time spent after verb) | |||||
S (A)V O, V Time-spent | S (A)V O, V Time-spent (Time-spent verb-object variant) | |||||
(TW) S1 V1 了 O1, (S2) 就 V2 O2 了 | (TW) S1 V1 ·le 01, (S2) jiù V2 O2 ·le (dependance clause, in the past) | |||||
(TW) S1 V1 了 O1, (S2) 就 V2 O2 | (TW) S1 V1 ·le 01, (S2) jiù V2 O2 (dependance clause, habitual action) | |||||
(TW) S1 V1 了 O1, (S2) 就(要) V2 O2 | (TW) S1 V1 ·le 01, (S2) jiù yào V2 O2 (dependance clause, in the future) | |||||
© 2009 mose – copyleft (cc) BY-NC-SA | 98年4月28日 | |||||
1-12 | 實 用 視 聽 華 語 / 第 一 冊 書 | 第十二課:生詞 | ||||
月 | yuè month | 最近 | zuì jìn recently, lately | 季節 | jì jié season | |
歐洲 | ōu zhōu europe | 看到 | kàn dào to see | 季 | jì season | |
國家 | guó jiā nation, country | 星期 | xīng qí week | 春季 | chūn jì spring | |
明年 | ming nián next year | 期 | qí mw. school cycle | 夏季 | xià jì summer | |
年 | nián year | 學期 | xué qí semester | 秋季 | qiū jì autumn | |
去年 | qù nián last yeat | 剛 | gāng just, recently | 冬季 | dōng jì winter | |
今年 | jīn nián this year | 剛剛 | gāng gāng just now | 雨季 | yǔ jì rainy season | |
新年 | xīn nián new year | 考試 | kǎo shì to take a test, exam | 節 | jié festival, season | |
旅行 | lǚ xíng to travel | 考 | kǎo to test | 節日 | jié rì holiday | |
旅館 | lǚ guǎn hotel, inn | 試 | shì to try | 春節 | chūn jié chinese new year | |
行 | xíng to be ok, to work | 試試看 | shì shì kàn to try and see | 中秋節 | zhōng qiu jié mid autumn festival | |
冬天 | dōng tiān wintertime | 口試 | kǒu shì oral test | 時間 | shí jiān time | |
春天 | chūn tiān springtime | 筆試 | bǐ shì written test | 風景 | fēng jǐng scenery, view | |
下雨 | xià yǔ to rain | 怎麼辦 | zěn ·me bàn how to do ? | 號 | hào mw. numbers, dates | |
雨 | yǔ rain | 辦 | bàn to handle, manage | 輛 | liàng mw. cars, buses | |
應該 | yīng gāi should, ought to | 著急 | zhāo jí to be nervous | 好幾 | hǎo ji quite a few | |
該 | gāi should | 急 | jí to be anxious | 住 | zhù to stay, live | |
夏天 | xià tiān summertime | 秋天 | qiū tiān autumntime | |||
第十二課:文法 | ||||||
S (A) V 了 NU-M O | S (A) V le NU-M O (action completed at some time in the past) | |||||
S (A) V 了 NU-M O 了 | S (A) V le NU-M O le (action still in progress) | |||||
S (A) V 了 Time-spent (了) | S (A) V le Time-spent (le) (action still in progress if the second 'le' is present) | |||||
S (A) V 了 Time-spent (的) O (了) | S (A) V le Time-spent (de) O (le) (action still in progress if the second 'le' is present) | |||||
S V O, V 了 Time-spent (了) | S V O, V le Time-spent (le) (action still in progress if the second 'le' is present) | |||||
© 2009 mose – copyleft (cc) BY-NC-SA | 98年4月28日 | |||||